Neostatins

ABSTRACT

The invention provides fragments of type XVIII collagen termed neostatins, and methods for their use in the treatment of opthalmological disorders associated with angiogenesis.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application is a divisional of and claims priority to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/346,490, filed Feb. 1, 2006, which claims thebenefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.60/649,029, filed Feb. 1, 2005. The contents of the prior applicationsare hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to neostatin molecules and methods for their use.

BACKGROUND

Type XVIII collagen, a member of the multiplexin subfamily of collagens,is a proteoglycan composed largely of heparan sulfate side chains(Halfter et al., (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273:25404-12). It is localizedmainly in the perivascular regions around the blood vessels in theintestinal villi, choroids plexus, skin, liver and kidneys, and ispresent in adult and embryonic basal laminae (Kreuger et al., (2002)EMBO J. 21:6303-11). In ocular tissues, type XVIII collagen has beenshown to be present in the retinal basal lamina, pigment epithelialbasement lamina and periocular mesenchyme (Halfter et al., (1998)supra), as well as in the corneal epithelial basement membrane and inthe stromal side of Descemet's membrane. Incisional wounds in mousecorneal tissue result in enhanced collagen XVIII mRNA and proteinexpression along the wound edges (Lin et al., (2001) Invest. Opthalmol.Vis. Sci. 42:2517-24; Kure et al., (2001) FEBS Lett. 508:187-90).

In vitro studies have shown that the hinge domain of type XVIIIcollagen, located between the association domain and the endostatindomain, is cleaved by proteases including elastase and/or cathepsin L torelease endostatin, a 20 kDa peptide, from the carboxyl terminal of typeXVIII collagen (Sasaki et al. (1998) EMBO J. 17:4249-56; Wen et al.,(1999) Cancer Res. 59:6052-6; Felbor et al., (2000) EMBO J. 19:1187-94;Ferreras et al., (2000) FEBS Lett. 486:247-51).

Endostatin, has tumor-suppressing properties and potent anti-angiogenicactivity (O'Reilly et al., (1997) Cell 88:277-85). Endostatin has beenshown to inhibit cell migration, cell proliferation, decrease tumor sizeand enhance vascular endothelial cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo(Chang et al., (2001) Curr. Opin. Opthalmol. 12:242-9; Colorado et al.,(2000) Cancer Res. 60:2520-6; Mameros and Olsen, (2001) Matrix Biol.20:337-45; Shichiri and Hirata, (2001) FASEB J. 15:1044-53). Themechanisms operative in the effect of endostatin on vascular endothelialcells have been intensively investigated and severalendostatin-associated molecules have been isolated and characterized,including matrix metalloproteinase-2, integrin αVβ3, VEGF receptor(KDR/flk-1), tropomyosin, glypican and laminin (Lee et al., (2002) FEBSLett. 519:147-52; Rehn et al., (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA98:1024-9; Kim et al., (2000) Cancer Res. 60:5410-3; Kim et al., (2002)J. Biol. Chem. 277:27872-9; Javaherian et al., (2002) J. Biol. Chem.277:45211-8). Endostatin binding to these cellular counterparts mayfacilitate the function of endostatin in vascular endothelial cellproliferation.

SUMMARY

The present invention is based on the discovery that proteolyticprocessing of type XVIII collagen in vivo in the eye generates fragmentsother than endostatin, and that these fragments have anti-angiogenicproperties. Thus, the invention provides novel fragments of type XVIIIcollagen, and methods for their use in the treatment of medical andopthalmological disorders associated with angiogenesis, such as corneal,choroidal, uveal, and iris neovascularization, macular degeneration,diabetic retinopathy, and cancer, particularly cancers of the eye.

Thus, the invention includes isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding apolypeptide consisting of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or 4, and isolatednucleic acid molecules encoding a polypeptide including at least a firstportion consisting of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or 4, and a secondportion of non-collagen-derived sequence(s). The invention also includesvectors including the isolated nucleic acid sequences described herein,and host cells including those vectors.

In another aspect, the invention provides therapeutic compositionsadapted for use in the eye. These therapeutic compositions include apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and one or more of: polypeptidesconsisting of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or 4; polypeptides includingat least a first portion consisting of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or 4,and a second portion including non-collagen-derived sequences;polypeptides consisting of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, or 8;polypeptides including at least a first portion consisting of thesequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, or 8, and a second portion includingnon-collagen-derived sequences; and isolated nucleic acid moleculesencoding a polypeptide described herein.

In a further aspect, the invention provides methods for treatingpatients who have an opthalmological disorder associated withangiogenesis, as described herein. The methods include administering tothe patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compositiondescribed herein. The administering can be, e.g., topical or parenteraladministration into the eye, e.g., including, but not limited to, localinjection into or near the cornea, retina, vitreous, uvea, orbit,eyelid, conjunctiva, or iris.

In some embodiments, the opthalmological disorder is selected from thegroup consisting of eye cancer, age-related macular degeneration,retinopathy of prematurity, corneal graft rejection, glaucoma, diabeticretinopathy, wounds, age-related macular degeneration, herpetic andinfectious keratitis, ocular ischemia, neovascular glaucoma, corneal,uveal and iris neovascularization, orbital and eyelid tumors, StevensJohnson Syndrome, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, and ocular surfacediseases. In some embodiments, the opthalmological disorder isassociated with corneal, retinal, choroidal, uveal, or irisneovascularization.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods for identifyingcandidate therapeutic compounds for the treatment of an opthalmologicaldisorder associated with angiogenesis. The methods include obtaining asample including one or more of an MMP-7 (e.g., SEQ ID NO:6) or MMP-14(e.g., SEQ ID NO:8) polypeptide; contacting the sample with the testcompound; and evaluating levels of MMP-7 and/or MMP-14 activity in thesample. An increase in levels of MMP-7 and/or MMP-14 activity in thesample indicates that the test compound is a candidate therapeuticcompound for the treatment of an opthalmological disorder. The levels ofMMP-7 and/or MMP-14 activity in the sample can be evaluated by measuringlevels of neostatin-7 (e.g., SEQ ID NO:2) and/or neostatin-14 (e.g., SEQID NO:4) in the sample; an increase in neostatin-7 or -14 levelsindicates an increase in levels of MMP-7 or -14 activity, respectively.

In some embodiments, the method further includes administering thecandidate therapeutic compound to an animal model of an opthalmologicaldisorder associated with angiogenesis, and monitoring the animal modelfor an effect of the candidate therapeutic compound on a parameter ofthe disorder, e.g., vascularisation, in the animal. A candidatetherapeutic compound that causes an improvement in the parameter in theanimal model is a therapeutic agent for the treatment of the disorder.In some embodiments, the methods include administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the therapeutic agent to a subject in need oftreatment for the disorder, thereby treating the disorder.

A neostatin polypeptide consists of a sequence that is at least about85% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or 4, and has atanti-angiogenic activity. In some embodiments, a neostatin polypeptideis at least about 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:2 or 4).Nucleic acid molecules encoding such polypeptides or proteins arecollectively referred to as “neostatin nucleic acids.” Neostatinmolecules includes neostatin nucleic acids and polypeptides.

As used herein, the term “nucleic acid molecule” includes DNA molecules(e.g., a cDNA or genomic DNA) and RNA molecules (e.g., an mRNA) andanalogs of the DNA or RNA generated, e.g., by the use of nucleotideanalogs. The nucleic acid molecule can be single-stranded ordouble-stranded, but preferably is double-stranded DNA.

The term “isolated or purified nucleic acid molecule” includes nucleicacid molecules which are separated from other nucleic acid moleculesthat are present in the natural source of the nucleic acid. For example,in some embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecule can contain lessthan about 0.1 kb of 5′ and/or 3′ of the nucleotide sequences whichnaturally flank the nucleic acid molecule, e.g., in the mRNA. Moreover,an “isolated” nucleic acid molecule, such as a cDNA molecule, issubstantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium whenproduced by recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemicalprecursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized.

As used herein, the term “stringent conditions” describes conditions forhybridization and washing. Stringent conditions as used herein are 0.5Msodium phosphate, 7% SDS at 65° C., followed by one or more washes at0.2×SSC, 1% SDS at 65° C. See, e.g., Current Protocols in MolecularBiology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6.

As used herein, a “naturally-occurring” nucleic acid molecule refers toan RNA or DNA molecule having a nucleotide sequence that occurs innature (e.g., encodes a natural protein).

A “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which the amino acidresidue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar sidechain. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains havebeen defined in the art. These families include amino acids with basicside chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains(e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g.,glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine),nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine,proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), beta-branched sidechains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains(e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine). Thus, apredicted nonessential amino acid residue in a neostatin protein ispreferably replaced with another amino acid residue from the same sidechain family. Alternatively, in another embodiment, mutations can beintroduced randomly along all or part of a neostatin coding sequence,such as by saturation mutagenesis, and the resultant mutants can bescreened for neostatin biological activity to identify mutants thatretain activity. Following mutagenesis, the encoded protein can beexpressed recombinantly and the activity of the protein can bedetermined.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materialssimilar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in thepractice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods andmaterials are described below. All publications, patent applications,patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated byreference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the presentspecification, including definitions, will control. In addition, thematerials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intendedto be limiting.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thefollowing detailed description, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a reproduction of a Western blot showing fragments of the NC1region of type XVIII collagen generated by cleavage with MMP-2, -7, -9and -14, detected with anti-mouse endostatin antibodies.

FIG. 1B is a diagram of collagen XVIII cleaved by MMP-7 and MMP-14.(x=unknown amino acid) (SEQ ID NO:15)

FIG. 2A is a schematic illustration of Type XVIII collagen shown therelationship of the NC1 region, neostatin-7 and -14, and endostatin.

FIG. 2B is a reproduction of an SDS-PAGE gel showing recombinantendostatin and neostatin-7 isolated using Ni beads and eluted by 40 mMimidazole; the gel was stained with Coomassie™ Brilliant Blue.

FIG. 2C is a Western blot showing recombinant endostatin (lane 1) andneostatin (lane 2), visualized using anti-endostatin antibodies.

FIG. 2D is a bar graph illustrating the effects of recombinantendostatin (bar 2, 10% FCS+2.5 ug/ml endostatin) and neostatin-7 (bar 3,10% FCS+2.5 ug/ml neostatin) on CPAE cell proliferation as compared tountreated control CPAE cells (bar 1, 10% FCS).

FIG. 3A is a reproduction of a gel showing the influence of pH on MMP-7cleavage of recombinant NC1 (lane 1, control, pH 7.5; lane 2, pH=5.5;lane 3, pH=6.5; lane 4, pH=7.5).

FIG. 3B is a reproduction of a gel showing that cathepsin L did notinterfere with the cleavage of NC1 fragments by MMP-7. Recombinant NC1was incubated with MMP-7 (lane 2) or cathepsin L and MMP-7 (lane 3) atpH 7.5 for 4 hrs (lane 1=control).

FIG. 4 is a line graph illustrating areas of corneal neovascularizationat various time points analyzed in mouse eyes injected with naked DNA(pEF control, pEF-endostatin, pEF-neostatin-7 or pEF-neostatin-14) threedays before bFGF pellet implantation. Corneal neovascularization wasobserved at day 1, 4, 7, 10 and 14. The measured areas of cornealneovascularization at various time points were analyzed in theendostatin, neostatins and vector control groups using a modified NIHimage program as described in Kure et al.

FIGS. 5A-5C illustrate the Human neostatin-7 human DNA/proteinsequences, SEQ ID NOs:1 and 2.

FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate the Human neostatin-14 human DNA/proteinsequences, SEQ ID NOs:3 and 4.

FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate the Human MMP-7 DNA/protein sequences, SEQ IDNOs:5 and 6.

FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate the Human MMP-14 DNA/protein sequences, SEQ IDNOs:7 and 8.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Neostatin-7, a C-terminal 28 kDa endostatin-spanning proteolyticfragment, is generated by proteolytic cleavage of matrixmetalloproteinase matrilysin (MMP)-7 on type XVIII collagen (Lin et al.,(2001) Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42:2517-24). A second member of theneostatin family of proteins, neostatin-14, generated by cleavage ofcollagen XVIII using MMP-14, is described herein. Murine recombinantneostatin and gene therapy were used to characterize the anti-angiogenicproperties of these molecules. As described herein, murine recombinantneostatin-7 inhibits calf pulmonary artery endothelial cellproliferation, and gene therapy using microinjection of neostatin-7 or-14 naked DNA into the corneal stroma of mice results in significantreduction of bFGF-induced corneal neovascularization. Also as describedherein, neostatin-7 and -14 have anti-angiogenic activity, and aretherapeutically useful not only for the treatment of corneal and ocularneovascularization, e.g., in humans, but also for the treatment ofbenign and malignant tumors, e.g., eye tumors.

One of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expressed in the corneaduring normal and wound-healing conditions, matrilysin (MMP-7), cleavesthe NC1 hinge region of type XVIII collagen (this region is alsoreferred to herein as “collagen XVIII/NC1”) at a location upstream fromthe cathepsin L cleavage site to generate a member of the neostatinfamily, neostatin-7, an approximately 28 kDa endostatin-spanningfragment (Lin et al., (2001) supra). As reported herein, another MMP(MMP-14) also cleaves collagen XVIII/NC1 to produce a novel neostatin ofabout ˜23 kDa neostatin (neostatin-14). The activity of MMP-7 and -14 ontype XVIII collagen (and on the NC1 region of type XVIII collagen, inparticular) generates neostatin-7 and -14, respectively, with specific3-dimensional structural characteristics and specific glycosylation. Thestudies described herein determined that recombinant murine neostatin-7(possibly lacking exact 3-dimensional and glycosylation characteristicsof naturally-occurring neostatins) has anti-angiogenic activity. Alsodescribed herein is the use of therapy, e.g., gene or protein therapy,with MMP-7, MMP-14, neostatin-7, or neostatin-14 to treatneovascularization in the cornea, which provides a practical andeffective alternative to using naturally derived or recombinantneostatins.

In the cornea, the balance between angiogenic and anti-angiogenicfactors holds sway over the avascular milieu of the cornea and isgoverned by many variables. Injurious stimuli generate a multitude ofresponses aimed at the proteolysis of precursors to generate factorswhich tilt the balance towards the production or prevention ofneovascularization. MMP-7 is up-regulated in wild-type animal woundingmodels, and an increased vascular response is seen in MMP-7 deficientlittermates (Kure et al., (2003) Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci.44:137-44); MMP-14 is also expressed in the eye. As one theory, notmeant to be limiting, MMP-7- and MMP-14-derived neostatins may be partof an array of factors that prevent new vessel formation ostensiblyindependent of endostatin. Thus, MMP-7 and -14 may have a role in theregulation of neovascularization and tumorigenesis, possibly by cleavingprecursor molecules to produce anti-angiogenic molecules including, butnot limited to, neostatin-7 and -14. The neostatins, MMP-7, and -14,provide new target molecules for the treatment of corneal and ocularangiogenic disorders as well as benign and malignant tumors.

Typically, the cleavage site for a protease involves residues both N-and C-terminal to the scissile bond (the unprimed and primed sides,respectively, with the cleavage site for a protease defined asP3-P2-P1-P1′-P2′-P3′, with cleavage occurring between the P1 and P1′residues). MMP-7 has a substrate cleavage preference for a hydrophobicamino acid at P1′, preferring either leucine or isoleucine (Woessner Jr.and Taplin, (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 263:16918-25; Turk et al., (2001)Nature Biotechnology 19:661-667). In type XVIII collagen, the datadescribed herein demonstrates that active MMP-7 enzyme cleaves the34-kDa NC1 region of type XVIII collagen. The resulting ˜28-kDa fragmentwas subjected to N-terminal protein sequencing and was shown to have anN-terminal amino acid sequence of LxDSNPYPRR (SEQ ID NO:9), located inthe hinge region of NC1 domain. A polyclonal antibody that candifferentiate between neostatin-7 and neostatin-14 is also describedherein. This antibody was raised against a highly conserved residue ofneostatin-spanning peptides 1305-1326 of murine type XVIII collagen,which corresponds to peptides 1299-1320 of human type XVIII collagen.These peptide sequences of neostatin-7 are two residues upstream of theamino terminal end of neostatin-14.

The observations, described herein, that administration of neostatin-7results in diminished serum-induced vascular endothelial cellproliferation in vitro, and that naked DNA injection of neostatin-7 and-14 inhibits bFGF induced corneal neovascularization in vivo, suggestthat MMP-7 and/or -14 cleavage of type XVIII collagen may play a role inthe regulation of angiogenesis via the production of neostatin-7 or -14.Thus, MMP-7, MMP-14, and the neostatins provide targets for thedevelopment of therapies to promote the maintenance of cornealavascularity during wound healing, as well as anti-angiogenic therapiesto protect against the development of angiogenesis-dependent diseasessuch as ocular neovascular disorders and neoplasms.

Neostatin-7 and -14 Nucleic Acid Molecules

In one aspect, the invention provides isolated nucleic acid moleculesthat encode a neostatin polypeptide described herein, e.g., aneostatin-7 or -14 protein. Also included is a nucleic acid fragmentsuitable for use as a hybridization probe, which can be used, e.g., toidentify a nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide of theinvention, and fragments suitable for use as primers, e.g., PCR primersfor the amplification or mutation of neostatin nucleic acid molecules.

In some embodiments, an isolated neostatin nucleic acid moleculeconsists of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3.

In another embodiment, a neostatin nucleic acid molecule includes anucleic acid molecule which is a complement of a sequence describedherein. In some embodiments, a neostatin nucleic acid molecule issufficiently complementary to a nucleotide sequence described hereinthat it can hybridize to the nucleotide sequence under stringentconditions, thereby forming a stable duplex.

In one embodiment, a neostatin isolated nucleic acid molecule includes anucleotide sequence which is at least about 85% or more identical to theentire length of a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1 or 3. Insome embodiments, the nucleotide sequence is at least about 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1or 3.

Calculations of homology or sequence identity between sequences (theterms are used interchangeably herein) are performed as follows.

To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences, or of twonucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparisonpurposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and asecond amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment andnon-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes).The length of a reference sequence aligned for comparison purposes is atleast 80% of the length of the reference sequence, and in someembodiments is at least 90% or 100%. The amino acid residues ornucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotidepositions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence isoccupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as thecorresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules areidentical at that position (as used herein amino acid or nucleic acid“identity” is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid “homology”). Thepercent identity between the two sequences is a function of the numberof identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account thenumber of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introducedfor optimal alignment of the two sequences.

For purposes of the present invention, the comparison of sequences anddetermination of percent identity between two sequences can beaccomplished using a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12,a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5.

Also included herein are nucleic acid molecules that include only aportion of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3. For example,such a nucleic acid molecule can include a fragment which can be used asa primer, e.g., to detect or amplify the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3.

Thus, neostatin probes and primers are provided. Typically aprobe/primer is an isolated or purified oligonucleotide. Theoligonucleotide typically includes a region of nucleotide sequence thathybridizes under stringent conditions to at least about 15 consecutivenucleotides of a sense or antisense sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or 3. Insome embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises about 20, 25, 30, 35,40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 75 consecutive nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:1 or3.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is a probe which is at least 10,and less than 200 (typically less than about 100 or 50) base pairs inlength. It should be identical, or differ by 1, or less than 1 in 5 or10 bases, from a sequence disclosed herein. If alignment is needed forthis comparison the sequences should be aligned for maximum homology.“Looped” out sequences from deletions or insertions, or mismatches, areconsidered differences.

In another embodiment a set of primers is provided, e.g., primerssuitable for use in a PCR, which can be used to amplify a selectedneostatin sequence. The primers should be at least 20 base pairs inlength and less than about 100 base pairs in length. The primers shouldbe identical, or differ by one base from a sequence disclosed herein orfrom a naturally occurring variant.

A nucleic acid fragment can encode an epitope-bearing region of apolypeptide described herein, e.g., an antigenic epitope specific to theneostatin, e.g., as described herein.

Also included herein are neostatin nucleic acid molecules that differfrom the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3. Suchdifferences can be due to degeneracy of the genetic code (and result ina nucleic acid which encodes the same neostatin proteins as thoseencoded by the nucleotide sequence disclosed herein. In anotherembodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention has anucleotide sequence encoding a protein having an amino acid sequencewhich differs, by at least 1, but less than 5, 10, 20, 50, or 100 aminoacid residues that shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3. If alignment is neededfor this comparison the sequences should be aligned for maximumhomology. “Looped” out sequences from deletions or insertions, ormismatches, are considered differences.

Nucleic acids of the inventor can be chosen for having codons, which arepreferred, or non preferred, for a particular expression system. Forexample, the nucleic acid can be one in which at least one codon, atpreferably at least 10%, or 20% of the codons has been altered such thatthe sequence is optimized for expression in E. coli, yeast, human,insect, or CHO cells.

Nucleic acid variants can be naturally occurring, such as allelicvariants (same locus), homologs (different locus), and orthologs(different organism) or can be non naturally occurring. Non-naturallyoccurring variants can be made by mutagenesis techniques, includingthose applied to polynucleotides, cells, or organisms. The variants cancontain nucleotide substitutions, deletions, inversions and insertions.Variation can occur in either or both the coding and non-coding regions.The variations can produce both conservative and non-conservative aminoacid substitutions (as compared in the encoded product).

In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid differs from that of SEQ IDNO: 1 or 3 as follows: by at least one but less than 10, 20, 30, or 40nucleotides; at least one but less than 1%, 5%, 10% or 20% of thenucleotides in the subject nucleic acid. If necessary for this analysisthe sequences should be aligned for maximum homology. “Looped” outsequences from deletions or insertions, or mismatches, are considereddifferences.

Neostatin-7 and -14 Polypeptides

Isolated Neostatin polypeptides are also described herein, as well asfragments thereof, e.g., for use as immunogens or antigens to raise ortest (or more generally to bind) anti-neostatin antibodies. Neostatinpolypeptides can be isolated from cells or tissue sources using standardprotein purification techniques. Neostatin polypeptides or fragmentsthereof can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques or synthesizedchemically. In some embodiments, the neostatin polypeptides consist ofSEQ ID NO:2 or 4.

In some embodiments the neostatin polypeptides or fragments thereof arevariants that differ from the corresponding sequence in SEQ ID NO:2 or4, e.g., differ by at least one but by less than 15, 10 or 5 amino acidresidues, or less than 20%, 15%, 10% or 5% of the residues. (If thiscomparison requires alignment the sequences should be aligned formaximum homology. “Looped” out sequences from deletions or insertions,or mismatches, are considered differences.) The differences are,preferably, differences or changes at a non essential residue or aconservative substitution. Such variants retain the anti-angiogenicactivity of the neostatin protein, e.g., at least 50% of the activity asmeasured in an assay described herein.

In one embodiment, the protein includes an amino acid sequence that isat least 80%, e.g., about 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or more homologous to SEQID NO:2 or 4.

In some embodiments the difference is at a non essential residue or is aconservative substitution, while in others the difference is at anessential residue or is a non conservative substitution.

Neostatin Chimeric or Fusion Proteins

Neostatin chimeric or fusion proteins are also described herein. As usedherein, a neostatin “chimeric protein” or “fusion protein” includes aneostatin polypeptide linked to a non-neostatin polypeptide. A“non-neostatin polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide having an amino acidsequence corresponding to a protein which is not substantiallyhomologous to the neostatin protein, e.g., a protein which is differentfrom the neostatin protein, not a part of collagen XVIII, and which isderived from the same or a different organism. The non-neostatinpolypeptide can be fused to the N-terminus or C-terminus of theneostatin polypeptide.

The fusion protein can include a moiety which has a high affinity for aligand. For example, the fusion protein can be a GST-neostatin fusionprotein in which the neostatin sequences are fused to the C-terminus ofthe GST sequences. Such fusion proteins can facilitate the purificationof recombinant neostatin. Alternatively, the fusion protein can be aneostatin protein containing a heterologous signal sequence at itsN-terminus. In certain host cells (e.g., mammalian host cells),expression and/or secretion of neostatin can be increased through use ofa heterologous signal sequence.

In some embodiments, the fusion protein includes a cell-penetratingpeptide sequence that facilitates delivery of neostatin to theintracellular space, e.g., HIV-derived TAT peptide, penetratins,transportans, or hCT derived cell-penetrating peptides, see, e.g., Caronet al., (2001) Mol. Ther. 3(3):310-8; Langel, Cell-Penetrating Peptides:Processes and Applications (CRC Press, Boca Raton Fla. 2002);El-Andaloussi et al., (2005) Curr Pharm Des. 11(28):3597-611; andDeshayes et al., (2005) Cell Mol Life Sci. 62(16):1839-49.

Fusion proteins can also include all or a part of a serum protein, e.g.,an IgG constant region, or human serum albumin.

Variants of Neostatin Proteins

In another aspect, the invention also features variants of a neostatinpolypeptide, e.g., which functions as an agonist (mimetics) or as anantagonist. Variants of the neostatin proteins can be generated bymutagenesis, e.g., discrete point mutation, the insertion or deletion ofsequences or the truncation of a neostatin protein. An agonist of theneostatin proteins can retain substantially the same, or a subset, ofthe biological activities of the naturally occurring form of a neostatinprotein. An antagonist of a neostatin protein can inhibit one or more ofthe activities of the naturally occurring form of the neostatin proteinby, for example, competitively modulating a neostatin-mediated activityof a neostatin protein. Thus, specific biological effects can beelicited by treatment with a variant of limited function. Preferably,treatment of a subject with a variant having a subset of the biologicalactivities of a naturally occurring form of the protein has fewer sideeffects in a subject relative to treatment with a naturally occurringform of a neostatin protein.

Active variants of a neostatin protein can be identified by screeninglibraries of mutants, e.g., point mutants, of a neostatin protein foragonist or antagonist activity. Methods for screening gene products ofcombinatorial libraries made by point mutations or truncation, and forscreening cDNA libraries for gene products having a selected property,e.g., anti-angiogenic activity, are known in the art. Recursive ensemblemutagenesis (REM), a new technique which enhances the frequency offunctional mutants in the libraries, can be used in combination with thescreening assays to identify neostatin variants (Arkin and Yourvan(1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:7811-7815; Delgrave et al. (1993)Protein Engineering 6:327-331).

Anti-Neostatin Antibodies

In another aspect, the invention provides an anti-neostatin antibody.The term “antibody” as used herein refers to an immunoglobulin moleculeor immunologically active portion thereof, i.e., an antigen-bindingportion. Examples of immunologically active portions of immunoglobulinmolecules include F(ab) and F(ab′)₂ fragments which can be generated bytreating the antibody with an enzyme such as pepsin.

The antibody can be a polyclonal, monoclonal, recombinant, e.g., achimeric or humanized, fully human, non-human, e.g., murine, or singlechain antibody. In a preferred embodiment it has effector function andcan fix complement. The antibody can be coupled to a toxin or imagingagent.

A full-length neostatin protein or antigenic peptide fragment ofneostatin can be used as an immunogen or can be used to identifyanti-neostatin antibodies made with other immunogens, e.g., cellextracts, and the like. The antigenic peptide of neostatin shouldinclude at least 8 amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence shownin SEQ ID NO:2 or 4 and encompass an epitope of neostatin, e.g., asdescribed herein. Preferably, the antigenic peptide includes at least 10amino acid residues, more preferably at least 15 amino acid residues,even more preferably at least 20 amino acid residues, and mostpreferably at least 30 amino acid residues.

Preferred epitopes encompassed by the antigenic peptide are regions ofneostatin are located on the surface of the protein, e.g., hydrophilicregions, as well as regions with high antigenicity. For example, anEmini surface probability analysis of the human neostatin proteinsequence can be used to indicate the regions that have a particularlyhigh probability of being localized to the surface of the neostatinprotein and are thus likely to constitute surface residues useful fortargeting antibody production.

Chimeric, humanized, but most preferably, completely human antibodiesare desirable for applications which include repeated administration,e.g., therapeutic treatment (and some diagnostic applications) of humanpatients.

The anti-neostatin antibody can be a single chain antibody. Asingle-chain antibody (scFV) may be engineered (see, for example,Colcher, D. et al. (1999) Ann N Y Acad Sci 880:263-80; and Reiter, Y.(1996) Clin Cancer Res 2:245-52). The single chain antibody can bedimerized or multimerized to generate multivalent antibodies havingspecificities for different epitopes of the same target neostatinprotein.

In a preferred embodiment, the antibody has reduced or no ability tobind an Fc receptor. For example, it is a isotype or subtype, fragmentor other mutant, which does not support binding to an Fc receptor, e.g.,it has a mutagenized or deleted Fc receptor binding region.

An anti-neostatin antibody (e.g., monoclonal antibody) can be used toisolate neostatin by standard techniques, such as affinitychromatography or immunoprecipitation. Moreover, an anti-neostatinantibody can be used to detect a neostatin protein (e.g., in a cellularlysate or cell supernatant) in order to evaluate the abundance andpattern of expression of the protein. Anti-neostatin antibodies can beused diagnostically to monitor protein levels in tissue as part of aclinical testing procedure, e.g., to determine the efficacy of a giventreatment regimen. Detection can be facilitated by coupling (i.e.,physically linking) the antibody to a detectable substance (i.e.,antibody labeling). Examples of detectable substances include variousenzymes, prosthetic groups, fluorescent materials, luminescentmaterials, bioluminescent materials, and radioactive materials. Examplesof suitable enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, alkalinephosphatase, β-galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase; examples ofsuitable prosthetic group complexes include streptavidin/biotin andavidin/biotin; examples of suitable fluorescent materials includeumbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine,dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin; anexample of a luminescent material includes luminol; examples ofbioluminescent materials include luciferase, luciferin, and aequorin,and examples of suitable radioactive material include ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ³⁵S or³H.

Recombinant Expression Vectors, Host Cells and Genetically EngineeredCells

Also included herein are vectors, e.g., expression vectors, containing anucleic acid encoding a neostatin polypeptide described herein. As usedherein, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable oftransporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked and caninclude a plasmid, cosmid or viral vector. The vector can be capable ofautonomous replication or it can integrate into a host DNA. Viralvectors include, e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenovirusesand adeno-associated viruses.

A vector can include a neostatin nucleic acid in a form suitable forexpression of the nucleic acid in a host cell. Preferably therecombinant expression vector includes one or more regulatory sequencesoperatively linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed. Theterm “regulatory sequence” includes promoters, enhancers and otherexpression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals). Regulatorysequences include those which direct constitutive expression of anucleotide sequence, as well as tissue-specific regulatory and/orinducible sequences. The design of the expression vector can depend onsuch factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the levelof expression of protein desired, and the like. The expression vectorsof the invention can be introduced into host cells to thereby produceproteins or polypeptides, including fusion proteins or polypeptides,encoded by nucleic acids as described herein (e.g., neostatin proteins,mutant forms of neostatin proteins, fusion proteins, and the like).

The recombinant expression vectors of the invention can be designed forexpression of neostatin proteins in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. Forexample, polypeptides of the invention can be expressed in E. coli,insect cells (e.g., using baculovirus expression vectors), yeast cellsor mammalian cells. Suitable host cells are discussed further inGoeddel, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology, 185,(Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. 1990). Alternatively, the recombinantexpression vector can be transcribed and translated in vitro, forexample using T7 promoter regulatory sequences and T7 polymerase.

Expression of proteins in prokaryotes is most often carried out in E.coli with vectors containing constitutive or inducible promotersdirecting the expression of either fusion or non-fusion proteins. Fusionvectors add a number of amino acids to a protein encoded therein,usually to the amino terminus of the recombinant protein. Such fusionvectors typically serve three purposes: 1) to increase expression ofrecombinant protein; 2) to increase the solubility of the recombinantprotein; and 3) to aid in the purification of the recombinant protein byacting as a ligand in affinity purification. Often, a proteolyticcleavage site is introduced at the junction of the fusion moiety and therecombinant protein to enable separation of the recombinant protein fromthe fusion moiety subsequent to purification of the fusion protein. Suchenzymes, and their cognate recognition sequences, include Factor Xa,thrombin and enterokinase. Typical fusion expression vectors includepGEX (Pharmacia Biotech Inc; Smith, D. B. and Johnson, K. S. (1988) Gene67:31-40), pMAL (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) and pRIT5(Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.) which fuse glutathione S-transferase(GST), maltose E binding protein, or protein A, respectively, to thetarget recombinant protein.

Purified fusion proteins can be used in neostatin activity assays,(e.g., direct assays or competitive assays described in detail below),or to generate antibodies specific for neostatin proteins. In apreferred embodiment, a fusion protein expressed in a retroviralexpression vector of the present invention can be used to infect bonemarrow cells which are subsequently transplanted into irradiatedrecipients. The pathology of the subject recipient is then examinedafter sufficient time has passed (e.g., six weeks).

To maximize recombinant protein expression in E. coli is to express theprotein in a host bacteria with an impaired capacity to proteolyticallycleave the recombinant protein (Gottesman, S., (1990) Gene ExpressionTechnology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.119-128). Another strategy is to alter the nucleic acid sequence of thenucleic acid to be inserted into an expression vector so that theindividual codons for each amino acid are those preferentially utilizedin E. coli (Wada et al., (1992) Nucleic Acids Res. 20:2111-2118). Suchalteration of nucleic acid sequences of the invention can be carried outby standard DNA synthesis techniques.

The neostatin expression vector can be a yeast expression vector, avector for expression in insect cells, e.g., a baculovirus expressionvector or a vector suitable for expression in mammalian cells.

When used in mammalian cells, the expression vector's control functionsare often provided by viral regulatory elements. For example, commonlyused promoters are derived from polyoma, Adenovirus 2, cytomegalovirusand Simian Virus 40.

In another embodiment, the recombinant mammalian expression vector iscapable of directing expression of the nucleic acid preferentially in aparticular cell type (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory elements are usedto express the nucleic acid). Non-limiting examples of suitabletissue-specific promoters include the albumin promoter (liver-specific;Pinkert et al. (1987) Genes Dev. 1:268-277), lymphoid-specific promoters(Calame and Eaton (1988) Adv. Immunol. 43:235-275), in particularpromoters of T cell receptors (Winoto and Baltimore (1989) EMBO J.8:729-733) and immunoglobulins (Baneiji et al. (1983) Cell 33:729-740;Queen and Baltimore (1983) Cell 33:741-748), neuron-specific promoters(e.g., the neurofilament promoter; Byrne and Ruddle (1989) Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 86:5473-5477), pancreas-specific promoters (Edlund et al.(1985) Science 230:912-916), and mammary gland-specific promoters (e.g.,milk whey promoter; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,316 and European ApplicationPublication No. 264,166). Developmentally-regulated promoters are alsoencompassed, for example, the murine hox promoters (Kessel and Gruss(1990) Science 249:374-379) and the α-fetoprotein promoter (Campes andTilghman (1989) Genes Dev. 3:537-546).

The invention further provides a recombinant expression vectorcomprising a DNA molecule of the invention cloned into the expressionvector in an antisense orientation. Regulatory sequences (e.g., viralpromoters and/or enhancers) operatively linked to a nucleic acid clonedin the antisense orientation can be chosen which direct theconstitutive, tissue specific or cell type specific expression ofantisense RNA in a variety of cell types. The antisense expressionvector can be in the form of a recombinant plasmid, phagemid orattenuated virus. For a discussion of the regulation of gene expressionusing antisense genes see Weintraub, H. et al., (1986) Antisense RNA asa molecular tool for genetic analysis, Reviews—Trends in Genetics 1:1.

Another aspect the invention provides a host cell which includes anucleic acid molecule described herein, e.g., a neostatin nucleic acidmolecule within a recombinant expression vector or a neostatin nucleicacid molecule containing sequences which allow it to homologouslyrecombine into a specific site of the host cell's genome. The terms“host cell” and “recombinant host cell” are used interchangeably herein.Such terms refer not only to the particular subject cell but to theprogeny or potential progeny of such a cell. Because certainmodifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutationor environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identicalto the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the termas used herein.

A host cell can be any prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. For example, aneostatin protein can be expressed in bacterial cells such as E. coli,insect cells, yeast or mammalian cells (such as Chinese hamster ovarycells (CHO) or COS cells). Other suitable host cells are known to thoseskilled in the art.

Vector DNA can be introduced into host cells via conventionaltransformation or transfection techniques. As used herein, the terms“transformation” and “transfection” are intended to refer to a varietyof art-recognized techniques for introducing foreign nucleic acid (e.g.,DNA) into a host cell, including calcium phosphate or calcium chlorideco-precipitation, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfection, lipofection, orelectroporation.

A host cell of the invention can be used to produce (i.e., express) aneostatin protein. Accordingly, the invention further provides methodsfor producing a neostatin protein using the host cells of the invention.In one embodiment, the method includes culturing the host cell of theinvention (into which a recombinant expression vector encoding aneostatin protein has been introduced) in a suitable medium such that aneostatin protein is produced. In another embodiment, the method furtherincludes isolating a neostatin protein from the medium or the host cell.

In another aspect, the invention features, a cell or purifiedpreparation of cells which include a neostatin transgene, or whichotherwise misexpress neostatin. The cell preparation can consist ofhuman or non human cells, e.g., rodent cells, e.g., mouse or rat cells,rabbit cells, or pig cells. In preferred embodiments, the cell or cellsinclude a neostatin transgene, e.g., a heterologous form of a neostatin,e.g., a gene derived from humans (in the case of a non-human cell). Theneostatin transgene can be misexpressed, e.g., overexpressed orunderexpressed. In other preferred embodiments, the cell or cellsinclude a gene which misexpress an endogenous neostatin, e.g., a genethe expression of which is disrupted, e.g., a knockout. Such cells canserve as a model for studying disorders which are related to mutated ormisexpressed neostatin alleles or for use in drug screening.

In another aspect, the invention features, a human cell, e.g., ahematopoietic stem cell, transformed with nucleic acid which encodes aneostatin polypeptide described herein.

Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods of Administration

The neostatin and MMP-7 and -14 molecules described herein can beincorporated into pharmaceutical compositions as active ingredients.Such compositions typically include the neostatin or MMP molecule (e.g.,a neostatin, MMP-7 or -14 polypeptide, or a nucleic acid moleculecomprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a neostatin, MMP-7 or -14polypeptide) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used hereinthe language “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes saline,solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungalagents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like,compatible with pharmaceutical administration. Supplementary activecompounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.

A pharmaceutical composition is typically formulated to be compatiblewith its intended route of administration. Examples of routes ofadministration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal,subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical),transmucosal, and rectal administration. Solutions or suspensions usedfor parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include thefollowing components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection,saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propyleneglycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzylalcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodiumbisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid;buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for theadjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH can beadjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodiumhydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules,disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.

In some embodiments, the composition is especially adapted foradministration into or around the eye. For example, a composition can beadapted to be used as eye drops, or injected into the eye, e.g., usingperibulbar or intravitreal injection. Such compositions should besterile and substantially endotoxin-free, and within an acceptable rangeof pH. Certain preservatives are thought not to be good for the eye, sothat in some embodiments a non-preserved formulation is used.Formulation of eye medications is known in the art, see, e.g., OcularTherapeutics and Drug Delivery: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach, Reddy,Ed. (CRC Press 1995); Kaur and Kanwar, Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2002 May;28(5):473-93; Clinical Ocular Pharmacology, Bartlett et al.(Butterworth-Heinemann; 4th edition (Mar. 15, 2001)); and OphthalmicDrug Delivery Systems (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences: a Seriesof Textbooks and Monographs), Mitra (Marcel Dekker; 2nd Rev&Ex edition(Mar. 1, 2003)).

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterileaqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterilepowders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectablesolutions or dispersion. For intravenous administration, suitablecarriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, CremophorEL™ (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In allcases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extentthat easy syringability exists. It should be stable under the conditionsof manufacture and storage and must be preserved against thecontaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Thecarrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example,water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, andliquid polyetheylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixturesthereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the useof a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the requiredparticle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by variousantibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens,chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In manycases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example,sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in thecomposition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can bebrought about by including in the composition an agent which delaysabsorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the activecompound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or acombination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed byfiltered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared byincorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle, which containsa basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from thoseenumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation ofsterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation arevacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder of the activeingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previouslysterile-filtered solution thereof.

Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an ediblecarrier. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the activecompound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form oftablets, troches, or capsules, e.g., gelatin capsules. Oral compositionscan also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash.Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materialscan be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills,capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the followingingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such asmicrocrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient suchas starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid,Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate orSterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweeteningagent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such aspeppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.

For administration by inhalation, the compounds are delivered in theform of an aerosol spray from pressured container or dispenser whichcontains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or anebulizer. Such methods include those described in U.S. Pat. No.6,468,798.

Systemic administration of a neostatin, MMP-7 or -14 molecule can alsobe by transmucosal or transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermaladministration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeatedare used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in theart, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration,detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosaladministration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays orsuppositories. For transdermal administration, the active compounds areformulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known inthe art.

The neostatin, MMP-7 or -14 compounds can also be prepared in the formof suppositories (e.g., with conventional suppository bases such ascocoa butter and other glycerides) or retention enemas for rectaldelivery.

Compositions comprising neostatin, MMP-7 or -14 nucleic acid compoundscan also be administered by any method suitable for administration ofnucleic acid agents. These methods include gene guns, bio injectors, andskin patches as well as needle-free methods such as the micro-particleDNA vaccine technology disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,389, and themammalian transdermal needle-free vaccination with powder-form vaccineas disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,168,587. Additionally, intranasaldelivery is possible, as described in, inter alia, Hamajima et al.(1998), Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 88(2), 205-10. Liposomes (e.g., asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,472,375) and microencapsulation can also beused. Biodegradable targetable microparticle delivery systems can alsobe used (e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,471,996). In someembodiments, the neostatin, MMP-7 or -14 nucleic acid compounds comprisenaked neostatin-, MMP-7- or -14-encoding DNA, and are administereddirectly, e.g., as described herein.

In some embodiments, the neostatin, MMP-7 or -14 compositions areprepared with carriers that will protect the neostatin, MMP-7 or -14against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled releaseformulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylenevinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen,polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Such formulations can be preparedusing standard techniques. The materials can also be obtainedcommercially, e.g., from Alza Corporation or Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc.Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cellswith monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) can also be used aspharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according tomethods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described inU.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811.

Dosage, toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of neostatin compounds can bedetermined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures orexperimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD50 (the dose lethal to50% of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effectivein 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeuticeffects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratioLD50/ED50. Compounds which exhibit high therapeutic indices arepreferred. While compounds that exhibit toxic side effects may be used,care should be taken to design a delivery system that targets suchcompounds to the site of affected tissue in order to minimize potentialdamage to uninfected cells and, thereby, reduce side effects.

The data obtained from the cell culture assays and animal studies can beused in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage ofsuch compounds lies preferably within a range of circulatingconcentrations that include the ED50 with little or no toxicity. Thedosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage formemployed and the route of administration utilized. For any compound usedin the method of the invention, the therapeutically effective dose canbe estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose may beformulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasmaconcentration range that includes the IC₅₀ (i.e., the concentration ofthe test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms)as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to moreaccurately determine useful doses in humans. Levels in plasma may bemeasured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.

An “effective amount” is an amount sufficient to effect beneficial ordesired results. For example, a therapeutic amount is one that achievesthe desired therapeutic effect. This amount can be the same or differentfrom a prophylactically effective amount, which is an amount necessaryto prevent onset of disease or disease symptoms. An effective amount canbe administered in one or more administrations, applications or dosages.A therapeutically effective amount of a neostatin, MMP-7 or -14composition depends on the composition selected. The compositions can beadministered one from one or more times per day to one or more times perweek; including once every other day. The skilled artisan willappreciate that certain factors may influence the dosage and timingrequired to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited tothe severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, thegeneral health and/or age of the subject, and other diseases present.Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amountof the neostatin compositions of the invention can include a singletreatment or a series of treatments.

The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, ordispenser together with instructions for administration.

Methods of Treatment

The neostatin, MMP-7 or -14 polypeptides and nucleic acids describedherein are useful in the treatment of opthalmological disordersassociated with abnormal angiogenic processes, e.g., a disorder in theformation of blood vessels. Typically, the disorder will stem fromoverformation of blood vessels, or formation of blood vessels in anunwanted area, e.g., in the avascular regions of the eye, e.g.,retinopathies, or in a tumor, e.g., a cancerous or benign tumor. Forexample, the opthalmological disorder can be age-related maculardegeneration, where new blood vessels grow under the retina, or diabeticretinopathy, where abnormal vessels grow on top of the retina. Otheropthalmological disorders include retinopathy of prematurity, cornealgraft rejection, glaucoma, herpetic and infectious keratitis, ocularischemia, neovascular glaucoma, corneal, uveal and irisneovascularization, orbital and eyelid tumors, Stevens Johnson Syndrome,ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, wounds, and ocular surface diseases.

The opthalmological disorder may stem from the formation of bloodvessels that deliver blood to a tissue, e.g., a primary or metastaticcancerous or benign tumors, e.g., cancer. A metastatic tumor can arisefrom a multitude of primary tumor types, including but not limited tothose of prostate, colon, lung, breast and liver origin.

As used herein, the terms “cancer,” “hyperproliferative,” and“neoplastic” refer to cells having the capacity for autonomous growth,i.e., an abnormal state or condition characterized by rapidlyproliferating cell growth. Hyperproliferative and neoplastic diseasestates may be categorized as pathologic, i.e., characterizing orconstituting a disease state, or may be categorized as non-pathologic,i.e., a deviation from normal but not associated with a disease state.The term is meant to include all types of cancerous growths or oncogenicprocesses, metastatic tissues or malignantly transformed cells, tissues,or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage ofinvasiveness. “Pathologic hyperproliferative” cells occur in diseasestates characterized by malignant tumor growth. Examples ofnon-pathologic hyperproliferative cells include proliferation of cellsassociated with wound repair; thus, the methods include administrationof a neostatin to maintain avascularity during wound healing. In thisembodiment, the opthalmological disorder is a wound, including bothaccidental as well as intentional wounds (e.g., surgical wounds).

In some embodiments, the opthalmological disorder is a cancer of theeye, e.g., eyelid tumors, e.g., malignant eye lid tumors, benign eye lidtumors, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous cellcarcinoma, and malignant melanoma; conjunctival tumors, e.g., pigmentedconjunctival tumors, melanoma and primary acquired melanosis withatypia, squamous conjunctival neoplasia, conjunctival lymphoma, andKaposi's Sarcoma; iris tumors, e.g., iris melanoma, iris pigmentepithelial cyst, anterior uveal metastasis, and pearl cyst of the iris;infiltrative intraocular tumors, e.g., multiple myeloma, lymphoma, andleukemia; choroidal tumors, e.g., choroidal melanoma, choroidalmetastasis, choroidal nevus, choroidal hemangioma, choroidal osteoma,and Nevus of Ota; retinal tumors, e.g., retinoblastoma, retinal pigmentepithelial tumors, retinal pigment epithelial hypertrophy, von Hippelangioma; optic nerve tumors, e.g., melanocytoma, melanoma, meningioma,circumpapillary metastasis; orbital tumors, e.g., lymphangioma,cavernous hemangioma, meningioma, mucocele, rhabdomyosarcoma, orbitalpseudotumor, adenoid cystic carcinoma, periocular hemangioma ofchildhood; cancers of the ocular adnexa, e.g., lacrimal gland carcinomassuch as adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermal epithelioma; andmetastatic ocular tumors, e.g., metastatic choroidal melanoma, andmetastatic retinoblastoma.

As used in this context, to “treat” means to ameliorate at least onesymptom associated with abnormal angiogenesis as well as reduceneovascularization. For the treatment of cancers and solid tumors, to“treat” includes inhibition of the growth of blood vessels resulting ina lack of nutrients for the tumors and/or cancer cells needed by thetumor for its growth. Tumors and growths will decrease in size andpossibly disappear. Administration of a therapeutically effective amountof a neostatin, MMP-7, or -14 composition for the treatment of arthriticconditions will result in decreased blood vessel formation in cartilage,specifically joints, resulting in increased mobility and flexibility inthese regions. In opthalmologic conditions, e.g., diabetic retinopathy,administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a neostatin,MMP-7, or -14 composition will reduce the formation of extraneous bloodvessels in the retina, resulting in unobstructed vision. In thetreatment of disorders such as Kaposi's Sarcoma, administration of atherapeutically effective amount of a neostatin, MMP-7, or -14composition will inhibit the growth and/or further formation of bloodvessels, thereby inhibiting the formation of any lesions and/or tumorsthat arise.

Methods of Screening

The invention includes methods for screening test compounds, e.g., smallmolecule test compounds, e.g., compounds that are initially members ofan organic chemical library, to identify agents useful in the treatmentof opthalmological disorders associated with abnormal angiogenicprocesses, e.g., agents that increase the activity of MMP-7 and/orMMP-14, or otherwise cause an increase in levels of neostatin-7 or -14.

As used herein, “small molecules” refers to small organic or inorganicmolecules of molecular weight below about 3,000 Daltons. In general,small molecules useful for the invention have a molecular weight of lessthan 3,000 Daltons (Da). The small molecules can be, e.g., from at leastabout 100 Da to about 3,000 Da (e.g., between about 100 to about 3,000Da, about 100 to about 2500 Da, about 100 to about 2,000 Da, about 100to about 1,750 Da, about 1100 to about 1,500 Da, about 100 to about1,250 Da, about 100 to about 1,000 Da, about 100 to about 750 Da, about100 to about 500 Da, about 200 to about 1500, about 500 to about 1000,about 300 to about 1000 Da, or about 100 to about 250 Da).

The small molecules can be natural products or members of acombinatorial chemistry library. A set of diverse molecules should beused to cover a variety of functions such as charge, aromaticity,hydrogen bonding, flexibility, size, length of side chain,hydrophobicity, and rigidity. Combinatorial techniques suitable forsynthesizing small molecules are known in the art, e.g., as exemplifiedby Obrecht and Villalgordo, Solid-Supported Combinatorial and ParallelSynthesis of Small-Molecular-Weight Compound Libraries,Pergamon-Elsevier Science Limited (1998), and include those such as the“split and pool” or “parallel” synthesis techniques, solid-phase andsolution-phase techniques, and encoding techniques (see, for example,Czamik, Curr. Opin. Chem. Bio. 1:60-6 (1997)). In addition, a number ofsmall molecule libraries are commercially available. A number ofsuitable small molecule test compounds are listed in U.S. Pat. No.6,503,713, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety

Libraries screened using the methods of the present invention cancomprise a variety of types of small molecule test compounds. A givenlibrary can comprise a set of structurally related or unrelated smallmolecule test compounds. In some embodiments, the test compounds arepeptide or peptidomimetic molecules. In some embodiments, the smallmolecules are nucleic acids.

In some embodiments, the small organic molecules and libraries thereofcan be obtained by systematically altering the structure of a firstsmall molecule, e.g., a first small molecule that is structurallysimilar to a known natural binding partner of the target polypeptide, ora first small molecule identified as capable of binding the targetpolypeptide, e.g., using methods known in the art or the methodsdescribed herein, and correlating that structure to a resultingbiological activity, e.g., a structure-activity relationship study. Asone of skill in the art will appreciate, there are a variety of standardmethods for creating such a structure-activity relationship. Thus, insome instances, the work may be largely empirical, and in others, thethree-dimensional structure of an endogenous polypeptide or portionthereof can be used as a starting point for the rational design of asmall molecule compound or compounds. For example, in one embodiment, ageneral library of small molecules is screened, e.g., using the methodsdescribed herein.

Small molecules identified as “hits” (e.g., small molecules thatdemonstrate an increase in MMP-7, MMP-14, neostatin-7, or neostatin-14levels or activity) in the first screen can be selected andsystematically altered, e.g., using rational design, to optimize bindingaffinity, avidity, specificity, or other parameter. Such optimizationcan also be screened for using the methods described herein. Thus, inone embodiment, the invention includes screening a first library ofsmall molecules using a method known in the art and/or described herein,identifying one or more hits in that library, subjecting those hits tosystematic structural alteration to create a second libraries ofcompounds structurally related to the hit, and screening the secondlibrary using the methods described herein.

Small molecules identified as hits can be considered candidatetherapeutic compounds, useful in treating opthalmological disordersassociated with neovascularization, as described herein. A variety oftechniques useful for determining the structures of “hits” can be usedin the methods described herein, e.g., NMR, mass spectrometry, gaschromatography equipped with Electron capture detectors, fluorescenceand absorption spectroscopy. Thus, the invention also includes compoundsidentified as “hits” by the methods described herein, and methods fortheir administration and use in the treatment, prevention, or delay ofdevelopment or progression of a disorder described herein.

Small molecules identified candidate therapeutic compounds can befurther screened by administration to an animal model of anopthalmological disorders associated with neovascularization, asdescribed herein. The animal can be monitored for a change in thedisorder, e.g., for an improvement in a parameter of the disorder. Insome embodiments, the parameter is unwanted vascularisation, and animprovement would be a decrease in the levels of vascularisation.

The invention is further described in the following examples, which donot limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.

EXAMPLES Anti-Type XVIII Collagen Antibodies

Antibodies used in this project included antibodies generated againstthe NC1 domain (hinge region anti-neostatin) and endostatin domain(anti-endostatin) as described by Lin et al ((2001), Invest. Opthalmol.Vis. Sci. 42:2517-24), as well as commercially available antibodies.

Generation of Recombinant His-Endostatin, His-Neostatin-7 andHis-Neostatin-14

Mouse collagen XVIII cDNAs containing endostatin and neostatin wereamplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the NC1 fragmentand subcloned into the pET28A vector (Sasaki et al., (2000), J. Mol.Biol. 301:1179-90). The primers used were as follows: 5′ XVIIIneostatin-7 CCTGAGGCACGGAATTCCAGGTGGCTGCTTTCC (SEQ ID NO:10); 5′XVIIIneostatin-14 GTTCCACATCACCACGAATTCTATGTGCACCTGCCGCCAGCCCGC (SEQ IDNO:11); 5 XVIII endo:CACCACAGTTCCTATGAATTCCTGCCGCCAGCCCGC (SEQ IDNO:12); and 3′ XVIII endo CTGCCACCCTAGCTGGCGGCCGCCTATTTGGAGAAAGAGG (SEQID NO:13). These constructs were transformed into E. coli (BL21DE3) anda single colony was isolated for each construct. The bacteria were grownto semi-log phase, then induced with 0.3 hmM of IPTG to produceHis-endostatin and His-neostatin. Bacteria were lysed with 8M urea inPBS and the protein was isolated using a Ni-bead column. His-endostatinand His-neostatin were eluted with 40 mM imidazole and dialyzed againstPBS. The purity of the His-fusion proteins was determined by CoomassieBrilliant blue staining and Western blot analysis. In addition, cDNAfragments of type XVIII collagen (endostatin and neostatin) weresubcloned into eukaryotic expression vectors (pEF) with an Igk leaderpeptide. Although this approach produced reasonable levels of protein,both the His-endostatin and His-neostatins showed unacceptably highlevels of aggregation that reduced the yield and may affect thecharacteristics and functions of these molecules.

MMP Cleavage Assays and Purification of Neostatins-7 and -14

One hundred nanograms of C-flag-tagged Type XVIII collagen NC1 fragmentswere cleaved with various activated MMPs (MMP-2, -7 and -9 activated by4-aminophenylmercuric acetate (APMA) and MMP-14. Proteolytic fragmentswere analyzed by Western blot analysis with anti-endostatin oranti-C-flag (M2) antibody (Sigma, Mo.). MMP-7 cleavage of NC1 fragmentswere performed at various pH (pH=5.5, 6.5 and 7.5) conditions todetermine ideal method of generating enough quantities of MMP-derivedneostatins to be used for CPAE assays and in vivo therapeutic testing.

The yield of neostatins using this approach was lower than therecombinant approach; the quantities of MMP-derived neostatins weresufficient to proceed with western blot analyses, but not with thefunctional assays.

CPAE Proliferation Assay

Bovine CPAE cells were grown to confluence in Dulbecco's Modified EagleMedium (DMEM) with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and kept confluent for 48hours. The cells were harvested by trypsinization at 37° C. for 5minutes. A suspension of 2,000 cells in DMEM with 0.5% FCS was added toeach well of a 96-well plate coated with 10 μg/ml fibronectin andincubated for 24 hours at 37° C. The medium was removed and replacedwith DMEM-containing 0.5% FCS (unstimulated cells) or 10% FCS(stimulated and treated cells) in the presence or absence of recombinantendostatin and neostatin. After the 48 hour proliferation period, celldensity was determined using a Formazin turbidity detection kit.Controls were cultured in similar fashion.

Corneal Pocket Assay with bFGF in the Presence of Naked DNA (MurinepEF-Neostatin-7, pEF-14, and Vector Control)

A 0.5 mm incision perpendicular to the mouse corneal surface traversingthe epithelium and anterior stroma was performed with a ½-inch 30-gaugeneedle (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, N.J.). A ½-inch 33-gaugeneedle attached to a 10 μl gas tight syringe (Hamilton, Reno, Nev.) wasintroduced into the corneal stroma and advanced towards an area half thedistance between an imaginary line drawn from the limbus to the cornealcenter. Turning the bevel towards the center of the cornea, plasmid (2ul of pEF, pEF-endostatin, pEF-neostatin 7 or pEF-neostatin 14) solutionwas forcibly injected into the stroma.

A corneal micropocket assay, as previously described by Kato et al., wascarried out three days after corneal naked DNA injection. Briefly, wildtype mice (C57BL/6) were anesthetized by an intraperitoneal injection ofketamine and xylazine. Proparacaine HCl eye drops were used for localanesthesia. Corneal micropockets were created with a modified von Graefeknife. Uniformly sized hydron pellets containing 80 ng of human bFGF(R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn., USA) and 40 ug of sucrose aluminumsulfate were implanted into corneal pockets at day 4 after naked DNAinjection. Ofloxacin eye drops were instilled after surgery. The eyeswere examined and photographed on day 0, 1, 4, 7, 10 and 14 post pelletimplantation by slit lamp microscopy (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). Color imageswere magnified 100× to allow precise measurement of cornealneovascularization. The neovascular area was calculated using a modifiedNIH imaging program to correct for parallax.

Example 1 Cleavage of the NC1 Region with Matrix Metalloproteinases(MMP)-2, -7, -9 and -14

To determined whether collagen XVIII could be cleaved by differentmatrix metalloproteinases, recombinant NC1 fragments of collagen XVIIIwere generated in cultured 293T cells as described by Sasaki et al.(FIG. 1A). The recombinant NC1 fragments were isolated in serum-freemedium with Heparin Sepharose™. Fragments were incubated with MMP-2, -7,-9 and -14 (FIG. 1A) at a concentration of 0.01 ug protein/0.1 mg activeenzyme. Treatment of the recombinant NC1 fragment of type XVIII collagenwith MMP-2 or -9, similar to control, did not produce NC1 degradationproducts. However, MMP-7 and MMP-14 cleaved the recombinant NC1 fragmentto produce neostatin-7, neostatin-14 and several endostatin-containingfragments.

Fragments produced by MMP-14 cleavage of NC1 were subjected to Edmandegradation protein sequencing. One of the sequenced fragments has aN-terminal sequence of xVHLRPARPG (SEQ ID NO:14). Thus, the MMP-14cleavage site of NC1 fragment of type XVIII collagen residue is locatedbetween MMP-7 cleavage site and cathepsin L cleavage site. The MMP-14cleavage site of NC1 fragments is in agreement with theprotease-sensitive site of naturally occurring type XVIII collagen inthe blood.

These results demonstrate that the NC1 region of Collagen XVIII iscleaved by metalloproteinases other than elastase and cathepsin L.

Example 2 The Effects of His-endostatin and His-neostatin on EndothelialCell Proliferation

To determine the effect of MMP-7 degradation fragments of collagenXVIII/NC1, recombinant histidine-tagged endostatin (His-endostatin) andhistidine-tagged neostatin-7 (His-neostatin-7) were generated frombacterial lysate and purified using Ni-beads. His-endostatin andHis-neostatin-7 were eluted with 40 mM imidazole, and analyzed withSDS-PAGE (SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and resulted in theproduction of bands corresponding to the molecular weight ofHis-endostatin (˜20 kDa) and His-neostatin-7 (˜28 kDa) by Coomassiebrilliant blue staining (FIG. 2B). His-endostatin and His-neostatin-7were characterized by Western blot analysis with anti-endostatinantibodies. His-fusion proteins showed molecular weight bands of 20 kDa(FIG. 2C lane 1) and 28 kDa (FIG. 2C lane 2) representing His-endostatinand His-neostatin-7, respectively.

To compare the effect of recombinant endostatin and neostatin-7 onvascular endothelial cell proliferation in vitro, we added 2.5 mg/ml ofendostatin with 10% FCS and 2.5 mg/ml neostatin-7 with 10% FCS to thecultured CPAE cells (FIG. 2D). As shown in FIG. 2D, recombinantneostatin and recombinant endostatin inhibited CPAE proliferation,OD₄₉₅=0.378±0.04 (bar 3) and OD₄₉₅=0.375±0.015 (bar 2), respectively,when compared to untreated control cells (10% FCS) OD₄₉₅=0.46±0.02. (bar1). These results indicate that recombinant histidine-tagged neostatin-7can inhibit proliferation of arterial endothelial cells.

Example 3 pH Affects MMP-7 Cleavage of NC1 Fragments of Type XVIIICollagen

To determine whether the cleavage of collagen XVIII/NC1 by MMP-7 is pHsensitive, NC1 fragments were incubated with MMP-7 at various pH (FIG.3A; pH=5.5, 6.5 and 7.5. In addition, recombinant NC1 fragments wereincubated with MMP-7 (lane 2), and a combination of cathepsin L andMMP-7 (lane 3); compared to control (lane 1). NC1 fragments wereprocessed to generate several endostatin-containing fragments. In FIG.3B, accumulation of 28 kDa fragments and diminished NC1 fragments werefound in lanes 2 and 3, but not in lane 1. Cathepsin L did not interferewith the cleavage of NC1 fragments by MMP-7. These results indicate thatthe cleavage of collagen XVIII/NC1 by MMP-7 is pH sensitive, andproceeds less efficiently at more acidic pH.

Example 4 Naked pEF-Neostatin DNA Blocked bFGF-Induced CornealNeovascularization

To determine whether neostatin-7 can inhibit bFGF induced cornealneovascularization, mouse corneas were injected with naked pEF-Igk andpEF-neostatin-7.

Naked DNA has been effectively used for the delivery of DNA into mousecorneas (Stechschulte et al., (2001) Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci.42:1975-9). To determine whether neostatin-7 and neostatin-14 caninhibit bFGF induced corneal neovascularization, mouse corneas wereinjected with naked DNA of pEF, pEF-endostatin, pEF-neostatin-7 andpEF-neostatin-14. A bFGF pellet (80 ng) was implanted into mouse corneas72 hours post DNA injection (pEF, pEF-endostatin, pEF-neostatin-7,pEF-neostatin-14). The areas of corneal neovascularization werecalculated using a modified NIH imaging program (e.g., as described inKure et al., (2001) FEBS Lett. 508:187-90) and graphed (FIG. 4). Areasof corneal neovascularization measured at day 1, 4, 7, 10 and 14 were asshown in Table 1. TABLE 1 Corneal Vascularisation Day DNA 1 4 7 10 14control pEF 1.111 mm² ± 4.49 mm² ± 9.24 mm² ± 30.34 mm² ± 11.479 mm² ±(empty) 0.003 mm² 0.01 mm² 0.01 mm² 0.08 mm² 0.06 mm² pEF- 1.456 mm2 +9.09 mm2 + 2.603 mm2 + 4.261 mm2 + 2.892 mm2 + endostatin 0.001 mm2 0.03mm2 0.001 mm2 0.008 mm2 0.001 mm2 pEF- 1.640 mm2 + 9.955 mm2 + 10.108mm2 + 14.661 mm2 + 10.429 mm2 + neostatin-7 0.002 mm2 0.025 mm2 0.011mm2 0.08 mm2 0.018 mm2 pEF- 0.956 mm2 + 6.875 mm2 + 5.834 mm2 + 7.341mm2 + 5.698 mm2 + neostatin-14 0.04 mm2 0.016 mm2 0.006 mm2 0.006 mm20.02 mm2

Diminished corneal neovascularization was observed after pEF-endosatin,pEF-neostatin-7 and pEF-neostatin-14 DNA injection at day 4, 7 and 10 ascompared to controls. As a control, mouse corneas were injected withnaked DNA (pEF, pEF-endostatin, pEF-neostatin-7) without bFGF pelletimplantation; no corneal neovascularization was observed at days 4, 7and 10.

These results indicate that neostatin-7 and -14, delivered as naked DNA,can inhibit bFGF induced corneal neovascularization.

REFERENCES

-   [1] Halfter W, Dong S, Schurer B, Cole G J. (1998) J Biol. Chem.    273, 25404-12.-   [2] Kreuger J, Matsumoto T, Vanwildemeersch M, Sasaki T, Timpl R,    Claesson-Welsh L, Spillmann D, Lindahl U. (2002) EMBO J. 21,    6303-11.-   [3] Lin H C, Chang J H, Jain S, Gabison E E, Kure T, Kato T, Fukai    N, Azar D T (2001) Invest Opthalmol V is Sci 42, 2517-24.-   [4] Kure T, Chang J H, Kato T, Hernandez-Quintela E, Ye H, Lu P C,    Matrisian L M, Gatinel D, Shapiro S, Gosheh F, Azar D T. (2001) FEBS    Lett 508, 187-90.-   [5] O'Reilly M S, Boehm T, Shing Y, Fukai N, Vasios G, Lane W S,    Flynn E, Birkhead J R, Olsen B R, Folkman J. (1997) Cell 88, 277-85.-   [6] Sasaki T, Fukai N, Mann K, Gohring W, Olsen B R, Timpl R. (1998)    EMBO J. 17:4249-56-   [7] Wen W, Moses M A, Wiederschain D, Arbiser J L, Folkman J. (1999)    Cancer Res 59, 6052-6.-   [8] Felbor U, Dreier L, Bryant R A, Ploegh H L, Olsen B R, Mothes    W (2000) EMBO J. 19, 1187-94.-   [9] Lu P C, Ye H, Maeda M, Azar D T (1999). Invest Opthalmol V is    Sci 40, 20-7.-   [10] Ye, H. Q. and D. T. Azar (1998). Invest Opthalmol V is Sci 39,    913-21.-   [11] Ye H Q, Maeda M, Yu F S, Azar D T. (2000). Invest Opthalmol V    is Sci 41, 2894-9.-   [12] Fukai N, Eklund L, Mameros A G, Oh S P, Keene D R, Tamarkin L,    Niemela M, Ilves M, Li E, Pihlajaniemi T, Olsen B R. (2002). EMBO J.    21, 1535-44.-   [13] Sasaki T, Larsson H, Tisi D, Claesson-Welsh L, Hohenester E,    Timpl R. (2000). J Mol Biol 301, 1179-90.-   [14] Kure T, Chang J H, Kato T, Hernandez-Quintela E, Ye H, Lu P C,    Matrisian L M, Gatinel D, Shapiro S, Gosheh F, Azar D T, (2003)    Invest Opthalmol V is Sci 44, 137-44.-   [15] Stechschulte S U, Joussen A M, von Recum H A, Poulaki V,    Moromizato Y, Yuan J, D'Amato R J, Kuo C, Adamis A P. (2001) Invest    Opthalmol V is Sci. 42, 1975-9-   [16] Ferreras M, Felbor U, Lenhard T, Olsen B R, Delaisse J. (2000)    FEBS Lett. 486:247-51.-   [17] Woessner J F Jr, Taplin C J. (1998) J Biol. Chem. 263,    16918-25.-   [18] Patterson B C, Sang Q A. (1997) J Biol. Chem. 272, 28823-5.-   [19] Chang, J. H., E. E. Gabison, et al. (2001). Curr Opin Opthalmol    12, 242-9.-   [20] Colorado P C, Torre A, Kamphaus G, Maeshima Y, Hopfer H,    Takahashi K, Volk R, Zamborsky E D, Herman S, Sarkar P K, Ericksen M    B, Dhanabal M, Simons M, Post M, Kufe D W, Weichselbaum R R,    Sukhatme V P, Kalluri R. (2000). Cancer Res 60, 2520-6.-   [21] Mameros, A. G. and B. R. Olsen (2001). Matrix Biol 20, 337-45.-   [22] Shichiri, M. and Y. Hirata (2001) FASEB J 15, 1044-53.-   [23] Lee S J, Jang J W, Kim Y M, Lee H I, Jeon J Y, Kwon Y G, Lee    S T. (2002) FEBS Lett. 519, 147-52.-   [24] Rehn M, Veikkola T, Kukk-Valdre E, Nakamura H, Ilmonen M,    Lombardo C, Pihlajaniemi T, Alitalo K, Vuori K. (2001). Proc Natl    Acad Sci USA 98, 1024-9.-   [25] Kim Y M, Jang J W, Lee O H, Yeon J, Choi E Y, Kim K W, Lee S T,    Kwon Y G. (2000). Cancer Res 60, 5410-3.-   [26] Kim Y M, Hwang S, Kim Y M, Pyun B J, Kim T Y, Lee S T, Gho Y S,    Kwon Y G. (2002) J. Biol Chem 277, 27872-9-   [27] Javaherian K, Park S Y, Pickl W F, LaMontagne K R, Sjin R T,    Gillies S, Lo K M. (2002) J Biol Chem 277, 45211-8

Other Embodiments

It is to be understood that while the invention has been described inconjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoingdescription is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of theinvention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Otheraspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of thefollowing claims.

1. A method of identifying a candidate therapeutic compound for thetreatment of an opthalmological disorder associated with angiogenesis,the method comprising: obtaining a sample comprising one or more of anMMP-7 or MMP-14 polypeptide; contacting the sample with the testcompound; and evaluating a level of MMP-7 or MMP-14 activity in thesample, wherein an increase in a level of MMP-7 or MMP-14 activity inthe sample indicates that the test compound is a candidate therapeuticcompound for the treatment of an opthalmological disorder.
 2. The methodof claim 1, wherein the MMP-7 polypeptide comprises SEQ ID NO:6.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the MMP-14 polypeptide comprises SEQ ID NO:8.4. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample further comprises collagenXVIII, and the level of MMP-7 or MMP-14 activity in the sample isevaluated by measuring levels of one or both of neostatin-7 orneostatin-14 polypeptide in the sample, and an increase in neostatin-7or neostatin-14 levels indicates an increase in the level of MMP-7 orMMP-14 activity, respectively.
 5. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising administering the candidate therapeutic compound to an animalmodel of an opthalmological disorder associated with angiogenesis, andmonitoring the animal model for an effect of the candidate therapeuticcompound on a parameter of the disorder in the animal, wherein animprovement in the parameter in the animal model indicates that thecandidate therapeutic compound is a therapeutic agent for the treatmentof the disorder.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the parameter of thedisorder is vascularisation.